Introduction -- Physiology undergirds symbology : thirty-two virtually unique characteristics of a snake -- Realia and iconography : the symbolism of the serpent in the ancient Near East (and the religion of Israel) -- The perception that the serpent is a positive symbol in Greek and Roman literature -- The full spectrum of the meaning of serpent symbolism in the Fertile Crescent -- Serpent symbolism in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) -- The symbolism of the serpent in the Gospel of John.