Cognitive appraisal theory. What makes difficult clients difficult -- Motivation and attachment -- Basic CAT concepts: personotypic affect, justifying cognitions, and security-seeking behaviors -- Patterns of personality -- The difficult client revisited -- Cognitive appraisal therapy. The CAT assessment -- Interventions based on the CAT model -- Affect-based interventions -- Additional interventions involving cognition, behavior, adjunctive medication, and therapeutic impasses -- The process of CAT (case studies) -- Applications of CAT. CAT with personality-disordered clients -- Working with borderline personality-disordered clients -- Couples therapy -- CAT group therapy -- Working with "difficult" parents.