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008    120119s2012    cau     ob    000 0 eng d 
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020    9780833059895|q(electronic bk.) 
020    0833059890|q(electronic bk.) 
020    |z9780833059727|q(paperback;)|q(alk. paper) 
020    |z0833059726|q(paperback;)|q(alk. paper) 
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050  4 JQ1789.A5|bU75 2012eb online 
082 04 324.955/061|223 
245 00 Using social media to gauge Iranian public opinion and 
       mood after the 2009 election /|cSara Beth Elson [and 
       others]. 
264  1 Santa Monica, CA :|bRAND,|c2012. 
300    1 online resource (xxi, 86 pages). 
336    text|btxt|2rdacontent 
337    computer|bc|2rdamedia 
338    online resource|bcr|2rdacarrier 
490 1  Technical report 
504    Includes bibliographical references. 
505 0  Preface -- Figures and Table -- Summary -- Acknowledgments
       -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Analysis of Social 
       Media Can Help Gauge Public Opinion and Mood in Closed 
       Societies -- A New Computer-Based Tool Offers a Promising 
       Means of Tapping into Politically Oriented Content in 
       Social Media -- This Type of Analysis Can Have Important 
       Policy Uses -- Organization of This Report -- Methodology 
       -- The Precedent for Our Approach: Previous Research Using
       LIWC and Word-Usage Analysis -- LIWC Has Been Shown to 
       Accurately Represent Verbal Expression -- The Real 
       Potential of Exploring Word Usage Lies in Its Links with 
       Behaviors and Outcomes -- Word Usage Is Now Being Studied 
       in Politically Oriented Contexts -- Our Research Process -
       - Planning Tasks: Understanding the Sphere of Relevant 
       Social Media -- Selecting Twitter Texts -- Selecting Iran-
       Relevant Political Topics -- Selecting the LIWC Word 
       Categories to Use in Our Analysis and Defining How We 
       Would Interpret Them -- Background on Social Media Use in 
       Iran and Events Surrounding the 2009 Election -- Social 
       Media Use in Contemporary Iran -- The Scale of Internet 
       and Social Media Usage in Contemporary Iran -- Who Is 
       Using Social Media in Iran? -- The Anonymity Factor -- The
       Iranian Information Environment Prior to the 2009 
       Presidential Election -- The Use of Social Media During 
       the 2009 Presidential Election in Iran -- The Role of 
       Social Media in Iran's Internal Politics Grew Rapidly 
       After the 2009 Presidential Election -- Major Events in 
       Iran During the Post-Election Period -- The Rise of Mass 
       Protests -- June 19: Khamenei's Friday Prayer Speech -- 
       June 20: Neda Agha-Soltan's Death -- July 9: Anniversary 
       of the 1999 Student Uprisings -- August 5: Ahmadinejad's 
       Inauguration -- September 18: Quds Day -- Late December: 
       Ashura Day Protests -- February 11, 2010: 31st Anniversary
       of the Islamic Revolution -- Overall Trends in Public Mood
       in Iran After the 2009 Presidential Election -- Public 
       Mood Throughout the Nine Months After the Election -- 
       Twitter's Clearest Indicator of Mood and Forecaster of 
       Action: Swear Words -- Use of Pronouns on Twitter After 
       the Election -- Summary -- Iranian Public Opinion About 
       Specific Topics in the Aftermath of the 2009 Election -- 
       Public Opinion Leading Domestic Political Figures: 
       Ahmadinejad, Khamenei, Mousavi, and Karroubi -- Summary --
       Background -- Comparing Trends in Public Opinion About 
       Political Figures -- Around the Quds Day Protest, Twitter 
       Users Wrote More Negatively About Khamenei Than About 
       Ahmadinejad -- At Certain Points, Twitter Users Wrote More
       Positively and Less Negatively About Karroubi Than About 
       Mousavi -- Initially, Twitter Users Swore More About 
       Ahmadinejad Than About Mousavi, but the Opposite Became 
       True -- Policy Implications -- Pro-Government and 
       Opposition Groups: The Green Movement, the Revolutionary 
       Guards, and the Basij -- Summary -- Background -- 
       Comparing Trends in Public Opinion About Political Groups 
       -- The Green Movement Was Viewed More Positively Than the 
       Revolutionary Guards or Basij -- Twitter Users Swore More 
       About the Basij Than About the Revolutionary Guards -- 
       Public Opinion About the United States, President Obama, 
       and the CIA -- Summary -- Usage of Swear Words Suggests 
       Early Frustration with the United States and President 
       Obama, as Well as a Strong Desire for U.S. Action -- Usage
       of First-Person Singular Pronouns Regarding the United 
       States and President Obama Generally Paralleled Usage of 
       Swear Words -- Pronoun Use When Writing About Obama as 
       Compared with Iranian Figures -- Twitter Users Expressed 
       Less Negative Emotion When Writing About Obama as Compared
       with Iranian Figures -- Positive Emotions in Tweets About 
       Obama Showed Several Pronounced Spikes Compared with 
       Tweets About the United States -- Some Twitter Users 
       Pointed to Foreign Influence, Particularly Intelligence 
       Agencies, as the Driving Force Behind Protests -- Public 
       Opinion About Specific Countries: Israel, the United 
       States, and Iran -- Summary -- Twitter Users Only 
       Infrequently Swore Regarding Israel or the United States -
       - Twitter Users Swore More When Referring to the "Islamic 
       Republic" Than to "Iran" -- Twitter Users Expressed 
       Positive Emotions Toward Israelis Who May Have Aided the 
       Protest Movement -- Methodological Considerations -- 
       Additional Demonstration of the Methodology: Sadness Words
       -- Linguistic Indicators That Did Not Work as Expected on 
       Twitter -- Differences in Phrasing May Reflect Differing 
       Intentions and Writing Styles -- Limitations of Automated 
       Analysis Suggest That It Is a Complementary Approach to 
       Manual Analysis -- Next Steps: A Design for a Second Phase
       of This Program of Research -- Looking Ahead Toward the 
       2013 Iranian Presidential Elections -- Validating the 
       Methodology -- Improving Current Aspects of the 
       Methodology -- Expanding the Scope of the Current Work -- 
       Additional Details Regarding Methodology: Data Collection 
       and Analysis -- References. 
520    In the months after the contested Iranian presidential 
       election in June 2009, Iranians used Twitter--a social 
       media service that allows users to send short text 
       messages, called tweets, with relative anonymity--to speak
       out about the election and the protests and other events 
       that followed it. The authors of this report used an 
       automated content analysis program called Linguistic 
       Inquiry and Word Count 2007 (LIWC) to analyze more than 
       2.5 million tweets discussing the Iran election that were 
       sent in the nine months following it. The authors (1) 
       identify patterns in word usage over the nine-month period
       and (2) examine whether these patterns coincided with 
       political events, to gain insight into how people may have
       felt before, during, and after those events. For example, 
       they compare how the frequencies with which negative 
       sentiments were directed toward President Mahmoud 
       Ahmadinejad, his election opponents, and President Barack 
       Obama changed over time, and they track the way in which 
       the use of swear words sharply increased in the days 
       leading up to specific protests. Particularly in countries
       where freedom of expression is limited, automated analysis
       of social media appears to hold promise for such policy 
       uses as assessing public opinion or outreach efforts and 
       forecasting events such as large-scale protests.--
       Publisher description. 
588 0  Print version record. 
630 00 Twitter. 
650  0 Presidents|zIran|xElections|y2009|xPublic opinion. 
650  0 Public opinion|zIran. 
650  0 Social media|xPolitical aspects. 
650  0 Social media|xPolitical aspects|xResearch. 
650  7 POLITICAL SCIENCE|xPolitical Process|xElections.|2bisacsh 
650  7 POLITICAL SCIENCE|xPolitical Process|xGeneral.|2bisacsh 
650  7 POLITICAL SCIENCE|xInternational Relations|xGeneral.
       |2bisacsh 
700 1  Elson, Sara Beth. 
710 2  Rand Corporation.|bNational Security Research Division. 
776 08 |iPrint version:|tUsing social media to gauge Iranian 
       public opinion and mood after the 2009 election.|dSanta 
       Monica, CA : RAND, 2011|z9780833059727|w(DLC)  2011049687
       |w(OCoLC)768728903 
830  0 Technical report (Rand Corporation) 
914    ocn773299406 
994    92|bCKE