Effects of training -- I. Observation and levels of helper functioning -- Personality -- Values and beliefs -- Relationship dimensions -- Observation: behavioral and inferential -- II. Communication for helping relationships -- Attending -- Open invitations to talk -- Minimal encouragements to talk -- Paraphrasing and summary of content -- Reflection and summary of feeling -- Cue congruence -- Use of language -- Probing -- Self-disclosure -- Confrontation -- III. The basics -- Basic care -- Information-sharing -- IV. Behavior management -- Setting expectations and contracting -- Increasing behavior -- Decreasing behavior: punishment and contingent negative consequences -- Decreasing behavior: extinction and reinforcing alternatives -- Getting behavior started -- Transfer and maintenance of behavior change -- V. Treatment frameworks -- Problem solving and conflict resolution -- Transitions -- Physical restraint and the tantrum -- VI. Treatment contexts -- The group -- Play -- Use of the environment.