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020    9780812244359|qhardcover|qalkaline paper 
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050 00 LA2317.F677|bS64 2012 
082 00 370.92|aB|223 
100 1  Spencer, John Palmer. 
245 10 In the crossfire :|bMarcus Foster and the troubled history
       of American school reform /|cJohn P. Spencer. 
250    First edition. 
264  1 Philadelphia :|bUniversity of Pennsylvania Press,|c[2012] 
264  4 |c©2012 
300    304 pages ;|c24 cm. 
336    text|btxt|2rdacontent 
337    unmediated|bn|2rdamedia 
338    volume|bnc|2rdacarrier 
490 1  Politics and culture in modern America 
504    Includes bibliographical references (pages [245]-291) and 
       index. 
505 0  Schooling as social reform: racial uplift, liberalism, and
       the making of a black educator -- Combating cultural 
       deprivation: urban educators and the war on poverty -- 
       Victims, not hoodlums: urban schools and the crisis of 
       liberalism -- Black power, "people power": holding schools
       accountable for black achievement -- Beyond community 
       control: accountability and achievement in the Oakland 
       public schools -- Epilogue: legacies of the 1960s in 
       American school reform. 
520    As media reports declare crisis after crisis in public 
       education, Americans find themselves hotly debating 
       educational inequalities that seem to violate their 
       nation's ideals. Why does success in school track so 
       closely with race and socioeconomic status? How to end 
       these apparent achievement gaps? In the Crossfire brings 
       historical perspective to these debates by tracing the 
       life and work of Marcus Foster, an African American 
       educator who struggled to reform urban schools in the 
       1960s and early 1970s. As a teacher, principal, and 
       superintendent-first in his native Philadelphia and 
       eventually in Oakland, California-Foster made success 
       stories of urban schools and children whom others had 
       dismissed as hopeless, only to be assassinated in 1973 by 
       the previously unknown Symbionese Liberation Army in a 
       bizarre protest against an allegedly racist school system.
       Foster's story encapsulates larger social changes in the 
       decades after World War II: the great black migration from
       South to North, the civil rights movement, the decline of 
       American cities, and the ever-increasing emphasis on 
       education as a ticket to success. Well before the 
       accountability agenda of the No Child Left Behind Act or 
       the rise of charter schools, Americans came into sharp 
       conflict over urban educational failure, with some blaming
       the schools and others pointing to conditions in homes and
       neighborhoods. By focusing on an educator who worked in 
       the trenches and had a reputation for bridging divisions, 
       In the Crossfire sheds new light on the continuing 
       ideological debates over race, poverty, and achievement. 
       Foster charted a course between the extremes of demanding 
       too little and expecting too much of schools as agents of 
       opportunity in America. He called for accountability not 
       only from educators but also from families, taxpayers, and
       political and economic institutions. His effort to 
       mobilize multiple constituencies was a key to his success-
       and a lesson for educators and policymakers who would take
       aim at achievement gaps without addressing the full range 
       of school and nonschool factors that create them.--
       |cProvided by publisher. 
600 10 Foster, Marcus A.,|d1923-1973. 
650  0 African Americans|xEducation. 
650  0 Educational change|zUnited States. 
650  0 African American school principals|zPennsylvania
       |zPhiladelphia. 
650  0 African American school superintendents|zCalifornia
       |zOakland. 
650  0 Urban schools|zPennsylvania|zPhiladelphia. 
650  0 Urban schools|zCalifornia|zOakland. 
830  0 Politics and culture in modern America. 
938    Baker and Taylor|bBTCP|nBK0011095008 
938    Brodart|bBROD|n103248226 
938    YBP Library Services|bYANK|n7592322 
938    Blackwell Book Service|bBBUS|n7592322 
994    92|bCKE