Pt. 1 France and the Modern État. Voltaire and English Diests -- The philosophes -- The French revolution -- The process of secularization -- Laïcité -- Pt. 2 Nazi Germany. The rise of the Third Reich -- The immediate sources of Hitler's ideology -- The metaphysics of voluntarism -- Biblical criticism and liberal theology -- The growth of anti-Semitism and anti-Christianity: inside and outside the church -- German etatism, racism, and ethnocentrism -- Pt. 3 International Communism. The First International: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles -- The Second International: Karl Kautsky -- The Third International: Lenin, Stalin, and Khrushchev.