Introduction -- John Hughes: Catholic dissent in nineteenth-century New York City -- Institutionalizing Catholic dissent: the nineteenth-century parochial school -- The Bennett law: a source of dissent -- Questioning the prevailing orthodoxy: Bible-reading and the Edgerton decision -- Protestant dissent in the nineteenth century: three Presbyterians -- The Christian day school movement: new Protestant dissenters -- The state and the new Protestant dissenters: the Whisner decision -- Homeschooling redivivus: accommodating the Anabaptists of American education -- Final thoughts.