INTRODUCTION; CONTRIBUTORS; Maps; {Part 1} THEMES; Chapter 1: History of the Jews in the Middle East and North Africa from the Rise of Islam Until 1700; Chapter 2: Europe in the Middle East; Chapter 3: Economic Life; Chapter 4: Community Leadership and Structure; Chapter 5: Religion: Rabbinic Tradition and the Response to Modernity; Chapter 6: Intellectual Life; Chapter 7: Jewish Languages Enter the Modern Era; Chapter 8: Education; Chapter 9: Zionism; Chapter 10: Beliefs and Customs; Chapter 11: Material Culture; Chapter 12: Music; Chapter 13: The World of Women.