The historical study of modern philosophy -- The Renaissance background -- Scientific outlooks and methods: Bacon, Galileo, and Newton -- Hobbes -- Descartes -- Spinoza -- Leibniz -- Locke -- Berkeley -- Hume -- Kant on knowledge and metaphysics -- Kant's ethical and esthetic doctrine -- Fichte and Schelling -- Hegel -- Schopenhauer -- Comte -- John Stuart Mill -- Nietzsche -- Bergson.