| Edition |
Second edition. |
| Description |
xxi, 405 pages ; 23 cm |
| Bibliography |
Includes bibliographical references (pages [355]-388) and indexes. |
| Contents |
Preface to the second edition -- Part 1: Clinical Aspects Of Depression -- 1: Definition of depression -- Paradoxes of depression -- Prevalence of depression -- Prevalence and severity by types and age at onset -- Descriptive concepts of depression -- Semantics of depression -- Depression and normal moods -- 2: Symptomatology of depression -- Previous systematic studies -- Chief complaint -- Symptoms -- Emotional manifestations -- Dejected mood -- Negative feelings toward self -- Reduction in gratification -- Loss of emotional attachments -- Crying spells -- Loss of mirth response -- Cognitive manifestations -- Low self-evaluation -- Negative expectations -- Self-blame and self-criticism -- Indecisiveness -- Distortion of body image -- Motivational manifestations -- Paralysis of the will -- Avoidance, escapist, and withdrawal wishes -- Suicidal wishes -- Increased dependency -- Vegetative and physical manifestations -- Loss of appetite -- Sleep disturbance -- Loss of libido -- Fatigability -- Delusions -- Worthlessness -- Crime and punishment -- Nihilistic delusions -- Somatic delusions -- Poverty -- Hallucinations -- Clinical examination -- Appearance -- Retardation -- Agitation -- Variations in symptoms -- Children and adolescents -- Cultural variations -- 3: Course and prognosis -- Depression as a clinical entity -- Importance of course and outcome -- Systematic studies -- Onset of episodes -- Remission and chronicity -- Remission from dysthymic disorder -- Remission from functional impairments -- Duration -- Brief attacks of manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder) -- Recurrence -- Intervals between attacks -- Outcome for "endogenous" versus "neurotic" depression -- Schizophrenic outcome -- Suicide -- Suicide risk in bipolar disorder -- Predictors of chronic depression -- Developmental factors -- Personality disorders -- Psychological stressors -- Comorbid disorders -- Biological factors -- Cognitive factors -- Conclusions -- 4: Classifying mood disorders -- Official nomenclature -- Derivation of system of classification -- Reliability and validity of classification -- Dichotomies and dualism: past and present -- Endogenous versus exogenous -- Autonomous versus reactive -- Agitated versus retarded -- Psychotic versus neurotic -- Endogenous and exogenous depressions -- Origin of endogenous-exogenous model -- Great debates -- Distinction between endogenous and reactive depressions -- Systematic studies -- Methodological problems -- Studies of symptomatology -- Physiological responses and tests -- Body build -- Response to treatment -- Depressive equivalents -- Depressions secondary to somatic disorders -- 5: Psychotic versus non psychotic depression -- Psychoneurotic depressive reaction -- Definition -- Evolution of the concept -- Severe depression with psychotic features (psychotic depressive reaction) -- Case 1 -- Case 2 -- Case 3 -- Contemporary diagnosis -- 6: Bipolar disorders -- History and definition -- Current criteria for bipolar disorder -- Relationship of manic to depressive episodes -- Symptomatology of manic phase -- Emotional manifestations -- Elation -- Increased gratification -- Self-love -- Increased attachment to people and activities -- Increased mirth response -- Cognitive manifestations -- Positive self-image -- Positive expectations -- Assignment of blame -- Denial -- Arbitrariness -- Delusions -- Motivational manifestations -- Impulse-driven -- Action-oriented -- Drive for independence -- Drive for self-enhancement -- Physical and vegetative manifestations -- Hyperactivity -- High tolerance for fatigue -- Appetite -- Increased libido -- Insomnia -- Behavioral observations for manic phase -- Periodicity of manic-depressive behavior -- Premorbid personality of manic-depressive patients -- Issues for further study -- Classification problems -- Goal achievement and manic symptoms -- 7: Involutional depression -- History of the concept -- Etiology -- Age -- Symptomatology -- Premorbid personality -- Conclusion -- 8: Schizoaffective disorder -- Definition -- Evolution of the concept -- Catatonia and manic-depressive psychosis -- Benign stupor -- Inactivity -- Negativism -- Affect -- Catalepsy -- Intellectual processes -- Ideational content -- Follow-up studies -- Acuteschizo affective psychosis -- Acute remitting schizophrenia -- Studies of revised diagnoses -- Differentiation of depression and schizophrenia prognosis -- Affective factors and prognosis in schizophrenia -- Manifest affect -- Content of delusions -- Hallucinations -- Manic-depressive heredity and outcome of schizophrenia -- Presence of depression -- Patterns of aggression in overt behavior -- Present classification of schizoaffective disorder -- Unresolved issues for continuing research -- Course of illness -- Symptom and cognitive profiles -- Family and genetic studies -- Bertelsen and Gottesman's review -- Conclusion -- |
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Part 2: Experimental Aspects Of Depression -- 9: Biological studies of depression -- Early studies -- Manic-depressive disorder and constitution -- Heredity in manic-depressive disorder -- Identical twin studies -- Identical twins reared separately -- Pedigree studies -- Summary -- Bipolar disorder - Unipolar depression -- Biochemical studies of depression -- Early studies -- Blood glucose -- Glucose tolerance -- Acidity and alkaline reserve -- Serum calcium and phosphorus -- Nitrogenous substances -- Lipoidal substances -- Chlorides -- Critique of studies -- More recent studies -- Differences between manic and depressive phases -- Studies of continued cycles -- Studies during depressive episodes -- Experimental test of biological markers -- Responses of normal subjects to stress -- Endocrine studies -- Steroid metabolism -- Thyroid function -- Autonomic function -- Blood pressure responses to mecholyl -- Salivation studies -- Critique of salivation studies -- Neurophysiological studies -- Sedation threshold -- Anatomical studies -- Frodl's study -- Neurotropic and neurogenesis theories -- Electromyograph (EMG) studies -- Electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep studies -- EEG arousal response -- Recent studies of children and adolescents -- Neuropsychological studies -- Conclusions -- 10: Psychological studies: tests of psychoanalytic theory -- Early tests of psychological functioning -- Psychomotor performance -- Conceptual performance -- Perceptual threshold -- Distortion of time judgment -- Distortion of spatial judgment -- Early experimental studies -- Family background and personality -- Self-concept -- Beck's systematic investigation of depression -- Psychodynamic factors -- History of the investigation -- Testing the hypothesis -- Definition of negative -- Dream study -- Early memories -- Focused fantasy test -- Negative inventory -- Self-concept test -- Experimental studies -- Collateral studies -- Cognitive patterns in verbal material -- Longitudinal studies -- Patterns in dreams of depressed patients -- Preliminary study -- Principal study -- Childhood bereavement and adult depression -- Childhood bereavement study -- Cognitive distortions in depression -- Thematic content of cognitions -- Typology of cognitive distortions -- Formal characteristics of depressive cognitions -- Relationship of depressive thoughts to affect -- Discussion -- Afterword -- Part 3: Theoretical Aspects Of Depression -- 11: Theories of depression -- Behavioral theories -- Cognitive and evolutionary theories -- Psychoanalytic theories -- Aggression in depression -- Orality in depression -- Psychodynamic and psychological theories -- Existential theories -- Neurological theory -- Neuropsychological theories -- Biochemical theory -- Animal models -- Expressed emotion -- 12: Cognition and psychopathology -- Primary triad in depression -- Negative interpretation of experience -- Thwarting of defeat -- Deprivation -- Deprecation -- Negative view of self -- Negative expectations -- Affective response -- Cognitive primacy -- Changes in motivation -- Physical symptoms -- Cognition in mania and other disorders -- Cognitive classification of psychiatric disorders -- Neuroses -- Depressive -- Hypomanic -- Anxious -- Phobic -- Somatization -- Paranoid -- Obsessive and compulsive -- Psychoses -- Conclusions -- 13. Development of depression -- Predisposition to depression -- Formation of permanent concepts -- Value judgments and affect -- Specific vulnerability -- Precipitation of depression -- Specific stress -- Genetic moderation of the stress-depression link -- Nonspecific stress -- Other contributing factors -- Developmental studies on effects of chronic stress -- Genetic risk, previous episodes, and chronic stress -- Personality organization in depression -- Literature on cognitive organizations -- Definition of schemas -- Identification of schemas -- Schemas in depression -- Modes and psychopathology -- Distortion and misinterpretation -- Perserveration (rumination) -- Loss of objectivity -- Affects and cognition -- Feedback model -- Part 4: Treatment Of Depression -- 14: Somatic therapies -- Pharmacotherapy -- Tricyclic drugs -- Early studies -- Mao inhibitors -- Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS) -- Antidepressant prescribing patterns -- Side effects -- Stimulants -- Lithium -- Current use of tricyclics and maois -- Treatment resistance -- Augmenting versus switching antidepressants -- Placebo-controlled studies of drug combinations -- Medications, physchotherapy, and prescriptive indices -- Clinical considerations -- Treatment after age 60 -- Research problems and controversies -- Rater bias -- Placebo response -- Nonrandom distribution of variables -- Variability of measures -- Other problems -- Issues of risk versus benefit -- Controversy about placebo effect -- Adverse effects of antidepressant drugs -- SSRIs -- Tricyclic drugs -- Mao inhibitors -- Electroconvulsive therapy -- Physiological effects -- Biochemical effects -- Psychological effects -- Complications -- Mechanism of action -- Efficacy -- Future directions -- Transcranial magnetic stimulation -- Pharmacogenomics -- 15: Psychotherapy -- Early approaches -- Supportive psychotherapy -- Reassurance -- Ventilatio and catharsis -- Guidance and environmental change -- Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy -- Depression-focused psychotherapies -- Interpersonal therapy (IPT) -- IPT for chronic depression -- IPT for elderly populations -- Cognitive therapy -- Formulation and conceptualization -- Structure and strategy -- Basic elements -- Structure of sessions -- Behavioral aspects -- Interpersonal aspects of change -- Maintaining a therapeutic relationship -- Collaborative context -- Teaching independent problem-solving -- Modification of interpersonal dysfunctions -- Behavioral activation -- Cognitive techniques -- Delineating the major maladaptive patterns -- Neutralizing automatic thoughts -- Pinpointing depressive cognitions -- Identifying idiosyncratic content -- Recognizing formal characteristics of cognitions -- Distinguishing "ideas" from "facts" -- Checking observations -- Responding to depressive cognitions -- Weighing alternative explanations -- Validating basic premises -- Modifying mood by induced fantasies -- Case illustration -- Case illustration: Relapse prevention -- Treating bipolar disorder: drugs and psychotherapy -- Prevention of suicide -- Prevention of relapse -- Psychotherapy change processes -- 16: Evaluating depression treatments: Randomized controlled trials -- Trials -- Outcome and follow-up data -- Randomized clinical trials -- Ecological validity and randomized clinical trials -- Relapse prevention -- Overall conclusions -- Issues for further study -- Afterword -- New developmental cognitive model -- Cognitive vulnerability -- Genetic links to cognitive vulnerability -- Physiological hyperreactivity -- Cognitive neurobiology -- Appendix: Scoring instructions for negative dreams -- Definition -- Scoring -- Negative representation of the self -- Physical discomfort and injury -- Thwarting -- Deprivation -- Physical attack -- Nonphysical attack -- Excluded, superseded, or abandoned -- Lost -- Punishment -- Failure -- Exclusions -- Threat dreams -- References -- Name index -- Subject index. |
| Summary |
From the Publisher: More than forty years ago, Dr. Aaron T. Beck's pioneering Depression: Causes and Treatment presented the first comprehensive account of all aspects of depression and introduced cognitive therapy to health care providers and patients struggling with one of the most common and devastating diseases of the modern age. Since that classic text first appeared, the appreciation of the multifaceted nature of mood disorders has grown, and the phenomenological and biological aspects of psychology are increasingly seen as intertwined. Taking these developments into account, Beck and his colleague Brad A. Alford have written a second edition of Depression that will help patients and caregivers understand depression as a cognitive disorder. The new edition of Depression builds on the original research and approach of the seminal first edition, including the tests of Freud's theory that led to a new system of psychological theory and therapy, one that addresses the negative schema and automatic thoughts that can trap people in painful emotional states. Beck and Alford examine selected scientific tests and randomized controlled trials that have enhanced the cognitive approach since the time it was first introduced. Incorporating accepted changes in the definitions and categories of the various mood disorders into its discussion, Depression addresses the treatment role of revolutionary drugs, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in relation to cognitive approaches. Beck and Alford explore research on neuro trophic and neurogenesis theories of depression. They also report on advances in psychosocial treatment of depression, including the value of cognitive therapy in the prevention of relapse. |
| Subject |
Depression, Mental.
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|
Depressive Disorder.
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| Added Author |
Alford, Brad A.
|
| ISBN |
9780812219647 alkaline paper |
|
0812219643 alkaline paper |
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